从投诉到召回：NHTSA 缺陷调查怎么运作
美国安全调查的各个阶段、各需要多久、案号代表什么、车企怎么回应，以及本站跟踪车型目前有哪些进行中的调查。
本站的每一件召回都始于某人注意到的一个模式。很多时候是车企先在保修理赔或现场报告里注意到；有时候，模式藏在构成本站大部分内容的车主投诉里，注意到它的是美国国家公路交通安全管理局的缺陷调查办公室。这篇文章说明从一群投诉到一封召回信之间发生了什么，以及怎么读车型页上出现的调查条目。
调查从哪里来
ODI 持续筛选进来的投诉，寻找聚集：同一个零件、同一种症状、同一批年款。它也接收车企必须提交的预警数据，包括保修理赔、现场报告、受伤与死亡，并关注碰撞数据库与新闻。任何公众都可以提出缺陷请愿要求主管机构调查，在数据里以 DP 案号出现。
各个阶段
初步评估（PE）
第一个正式步骤。主管机构向车企发出信息要求：多少辆车、多少保修理赔、多少现场报告、工程上的解释是什么、已经做了什么。主管机构自定的目标是在大约四个月内结束初步评估，不是结案就是升级。
工程分析（EA）
更深入的阶段，在初步评估找到足够理由进行测试与详细分析时开启。ODI 可能买车、在自己的设施测试、委托外部测试，并与车企工程师开会。自定目标是在大约一年内做出决定。工程分析可能以三种方式之一结束：车企宣布召回、主管机构以“未能确立缺陷趋势”结案，或主管机构做出缺陷存在的初步认定并朝命令召回推进。
召回查询（RQ）
在召回已经存在但投诉持续时开启：处置可能无效、范围可能太窄、或车辆可能被修错。在本数据库里，召回查询曾调查通用汽车全尺寸皮卡与 SUV 在召回维修后的发动机故障，以及已接受召回处置的 Ram 1500 皮卡换挡互锁装置反复故障的问题。召回维修后仍报告问题的车主是重要来源。
审计查询（AQ）
检查召回执行得如何：完成率、零件供应、车主是否被通知、处置是否照描述执行。
怎么读案号
像 PE23002 这样的案号编码了类型、开启年份与流水号：2023 年的第二件初步评估。本站每个调查条目显示 ODI 指定的主题、零件、开启日期、结案日期（若已结案）、涵盖年款，以及若有结果的召回案号。进行中的调查是怀疑的陈述，不是认定。没有召回就结案代表主管机构未确立缺陷趋势，不等于问题不存在；若出现更多数据，同一个问题可能再次被调查。
目前进行中的调查
下方清单由本月数据生成：仍在进行、且涉及至少一款跟踪车型的调查。点进车型可看投诉脉络。
目前的数据现况 · 2026-10-13
进行中: 36 · 调查: 113
- Upper Grille Deflector Detachment 进行中
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) has received 118 complaints alleging detachment of the upper grille deflector on 2022-2024 model year (MY) GMC Sierra vehicles. 21 of these 118 complaints allege that the upper grille deflector detached after Recall 25V-060 was performed. The complaints allege that the upper grille deflector detaches while driving. In some cases, leading to a cracked winds…
- Loss of Motive Power 进行中
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) received a petition on August 5, 2026, requesting a defect investigation into the 2.0 Liter EcoBoost engine on model year 2015-2018 Ford Edge vehicles. The petition alleges that engine coolant intrusion results in a significant loss of engine power, accompanied by an "Engine Coolant Over Temperature" warning message. The petition further alleges that afte…
- Electronic Brake Module Component Failure 进行中
On April 11, 2024, the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened Preliminary Evaluation PE24011 after receiving complaints concerning a loss of brake assist in 2023 MY Cadillac Lyriq vehicles. These complaints allege a hard brake pedal, followed by a “Brake System Failure” message at start up or while driving. GM shared records regarding several internal investigations for loss of brake assist …
- Loss of motive power due to engine failure post recall remedy 进行中
On January 16, 2026, the Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) opened Recall Query RQ26001. This investigation was opened to assess the remedy effectiveness of Recall 25V-274. ODI has received complaints alleging engine failure in vehicles after the recall remedy had been completed, whether that remedy involved an oil viscosity change or a complete engine replacement. General Motors (GM) issued R…
- Lower Lateral Link detachment 进行中
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) has received 156 complaints alleging a suspension failure in model year (MY) 2018-2020 Model 3 and MY 2021-2023 Model Y vehicles. The suspension failure involves the detachment of the front lower lateral link, which potentially causes a loss of vehicle directional control. In most cases, there was no advance warning or indication that the suspension failur…
- NU Car rental of vehicles with open recalls 进行中
NHTSA is opening this Audit Query (AQ) to investigate NU Car Rentals (NU Car) for compliance with the requirements of the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act.The Safety Act requires that a rental company shall not rent a vehicle subject to a safety recall unless the recall remedy has been performed. 49 U.S.C. § 30120(i). NHTSA is in receipt of information that indicates NU Car rented at …
- FSD Collisions in Reduced Roadway Visibility Conditions 进行中
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) is opening this Engineering Analysis to evaluate Tesla’s Full Self Driving Beta and Full Self Driving (Supervised) (collectively, FSD) degradation detection system. The focus of this investigation will be to assess the system’s ability, when encountering reduced roadway visibility conditions, to detect degradation and alert the driver with sufficient time …
- Recall 23V-413 Post Remedy Failures 进行中
On June 8, 2023, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US, LLC (FCA) filed Safety Recall 23V-413 affecting certain 2022–2023 Jeep Grand Cherokee and2021–2023 Jeep Grand Cherokee L vehicles to address rear coil springs that may not have been properly installed during vehicle production. An improperly installed rear coil spring may detach while the vehicle is in motion, creating a road hazard that can increase …
- Loss of Motive Power 进行中
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) has received 48 Vehicle Owner Questionnaire (VOQ) reports and some Early Warning Reporting (EWR) field reports alleging intermittent loss of motive power in Model Year (MY) 2020–2022 Honda CR-V Hybrid vehicles. These incidents are alleged to occur without warning at highway speeds and are accompanied by a flashing check engine light immediately before the…
- Inaccurate Rear Passenger Seat Belt Warning Status 进行中
The Office of Defects Investigation (ODI) has received 6 complaints, and multiple Early Warning Reporting (EWR) field reports alleging inaccurate rear seat belt warning status. These allegations concern both false positive and false negative statuses in model year (MY) 2023-2024 Honda Pilot vehicles manufactured by American Honda Motor Co. (Honda). The complaints state that the rear passenger seat…
召回让车企必须做什么
一旦车企决定召回或被命令召回，必须在五个工作日内通知 NHTSA、六十天内以邮件通知车主、免费提供处置，并在六个季度内每季报告完成率。处置可以是维修、更换、软件更新，或回购。有起火风险的缺陷，通知可能要求车主停在户外；风险最严重的，可能要求勿驾驶。这些标记显示在本站每一条召回条目上。
为什么你的投诉重要
调查是从模式开启的，而模式是由一条条个别看起来轻微的投诉累积成的。写明零件、描述条件并附上里程的投诉，对筛选者的价值远高于只说车子不安全的投诉。提交投诉的指南说明该写什么；每个车型页的节选则显示其他车主已经写了什么。